The Legend of Ramses II: Myths of the Great Pharaoh

I. Introduction

Ramses II, also known as Ramses the Great, is one of the most celebrated pharaohs in ancient Egyptian history. His reign, which lasted from 1279 to 1213 BCE, marked a golden age for Egypt, characterized by military conquests, monumental architecture, and cultural prosperity. This article aims to explore the various myths and legends that have emerged around Ramses II, examining how they reflect his significance and the perception of his legacy in both ancient and modern contexts.

II. Historical Context of Ramses II

Ramses II ascended to the throne as a young man and ruled for an impressive 66 years, making him one of the longest-reigning pharaohs in history. His rule occurred during the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, a period known for its strong central government and military prowess.

A. Brief Biography of Ramses II

Born in 1303 BCE, Ramses II was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. He became known for his extraordinary building projects, extensive military campaigns, and the establishment of Egypt as a dominant power in the ancient world.

B. The Political and Cultural Climate of Egypt During His Reign

Ramses II ruled during a time of relative stability and prosperity in Egypt. His reign was marked by a flourishing of the arts and architecture, as well as significant advancements in trade and diplomacy. The political landscape was characterized by conflicts with neighboring powers, particularly the Hittites.

C. Major Accomplishments and Contributions to Egyptian Civilization

• Securing Egypt’s borders through military might.
• Commissioning monumental architecture, such as temples and statues.
• Promoting arts and culture, which flourished under his patronage.

III. The Image of Ramses II as a Warrior

Ramses II is often depicted as a great warrior, a portrayal that has been both celebrated and mythologized over the centuries.

A. Military Campaigns and Conquests

One of Ramses II’s most notable military engagements was the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites. The battle, fought around 1274 BCE, is widely regarded as one of the largest chariot battles in history.

B. Myths Surrounding His Invincibility in Battle

Legends portray Ramses II as an invincible warrior, a hero who single-handedly defeated his enemies. These tales often exaggerate his achievements, presenting him as a near-mythical figure whose victories were guaranteed.

C. The Battle of Kadesh: Fact vs. Fiction

The Battle of Kadesh is a prime example of how history can be shaped by narrative. While Ramses II claimed a great victory, historical evidence suggests that the battle was indecisive, with both sides claiming success.

IV. The Builder Pharaoh: Architectural Marvels

Ramses II is often referred to as the “Builder Pharaoh” due to his extensive contributions to architecture throughout Egypt.

A. Notable Monuments and Temples Commissioned by Ramses II

• The temples at Abu Simbel, carved into the mountainside.
• The Ramesseum, a mortuary temple dedicated to Ramses II.
• The grand temple at Karnak, showcasing his architectural innovations.

B. Myths About His Architectural Prowess

Stories often describe Ramses II as having supernatural abilities in construction, capable of completing vast projects in record time. These myths enhance his status as a god-like figure in the eyes of the people.

C. The Significance of Monuments Like Abu Simbel

Abu Simbel stands as a testament to Ramses II’s grandeur and power. The temples not only served religious purposes but also symbolized his strength against foreign adversaries, as they were designed to intimidate and impress.

V. Family and Legacy: Myths of the Royal Lineage

Ramses II’s personal life was as complex as his public persona, filled with stories of love, betrayal, and familial bonds.

A. Ramses II’s Numerous Wives and Children

He is known to have had over 200 wives and concubines, with a significant number of children. His most famous wife was Nefertari, for whom he built a magnificent tomb.

B. Legends of Love, Betrayal, and Familial Bonds

Myths surrounding his family often highlight deep emotional connections, rivalries, and the political implications of his marriages, creating a rich tapestry of narrative that underscores the importance of family in royal politics.

C. The Impact of His Lineage on Future Pharaohs

The legacy of Ramses II continued through his descendants, shaping the future of Egyptian royalty and governance. Several of his sons would later ascend to the throne, carrying on his legacy.

VI. Divine Status: Ramses II as a God-King

In ancient Egypt, pharaohs were often viewed as intermediaries between the gods and the people. Ramses II was no exception.

A. The Concept of Divinity in Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs

Pharaohs were considered divine figures, embodying the essence of the gods on earth. This belief granted them immense power and authority.

B. Myths of Ramses II’s Divine Birth and Attributes

Legends claim that Ramses II was born of divine parentage, often attributing miraculous qualities to him, such as superhuman strength and wisdom.

C. Worship Practices and Temples Dedicated to Ramses II

Ramses II was worshiped as a god during and after his reign, with temples built in his honor. The Ramesseum served as a center for his cult, where followers would offer prayers and sacrifices.

VII. The Afterlife and Immortality Myths

The ancient Egyptians placed great emphasis on the afterlife, and Ramses II’s burial practices reflected this belief in immortality.

A. Ramses II’s Burial Practices and Tomb

Ramses II was buried in a grand tomb in the Valley of the Kings, filled with treasures to accompany him into the afterlife. His tomb was designed to ensure his immortality.

B. Legends Surrounding His Afterlife Journey

Myths suggest that Ramses II would continue to rule in the afterlife, maintaining his divine status and power beyond death.

C. The Ongoing Influence of Ramses II in Modern Culture

Ramses II’s legacy persists in modern culture, inspiring films, literature, and art. His life and accomplishments are often romanticized, further embedding him in the collective imagination.

VIII. Conclusion

Ramses II remains a towering figure in ancient Egyptian history, surrounded by a rich tapestry of myths and legends. These stories not only reflect his significance during his reign but also highlight the ways in which history can be interpreted and reinterpreted over time. As we separate fact from fiction, it becomes clear that Ramses II’s enduring legacy continues to captivate and inspire, ensuring his place in both history and popular culture.