Bast: The Cat Goddess of Protection and Joy
Bast, the beloved Egyptian goddess, is often depicted as a woman with a cat’s head or a cat. She is a powerful figure in Egyptian mythology, known for her association with protection, joy, and the love of cats. Bast is not a goddess of the underworld; that role belongs to Osiris.
Origins and Etymology of Bast
The name “Bast” likely derives from the Egyptian word “bastet,” meaning “she who protects.” Her worship was widespread throughout ancient Egypt, with her major cult center located in the city of Bubastis (modern-day Zagazig). Her name evolved over time, with later forms including “Bastet,” “Baset,” and “Ubastet.” Bast’s worship was deeply ingrained in Egyptian society and culture, reflecting her significant role as a protective and benevolent deity.
Bast’s Role as Protector
Bast was revered as a protector against evil spirits, disease, and illness. Her association with cats, known for their hunting skills and agility, contributed to her image as a fierce defender.
3.1 Against Evil Spirits
The Egyptians believed in a vast array of supernatural beings, some benevolent and others malevolent. Bast was seen as a powerful force against evil spirits and demons, safeguarding homes, families, and communities. Cats were revered as companions and protectors, believed to ward off evil. Bast’s presence was thought to deter negative energies and bring peace and tranquility.
3.2 Against Disease and Illness
Bast was also sought after for her healing abilities. In ancient Egypt, cats were known for their cleanliness and ability to kill rodents, which carried diseases. This link between cats and health made Bast a powerful symbol of healing and protection against ailments. She was believed to have the power to cure various illnesses, particularly those associated with the eyes and childbirth. Egyptians often prayed to Bast for protection against diseases and plagues.
3.3 As a Motherly Figure
Bast was not only a protector of the community but also a nurturing mother figure. Her association with motherhood extended beyond her role as a protector of children. She embodied the maternal instincts of love, care, and nurturing. This aspect of her personality was also reflected in her association with fertility, childbirth, and the joy of family life.
Bast and the Sun God Ra
Bast had a strong connection to the sun god Ra, often depicted as his “eye.” This connection linked her to the power of the sun, its life-giving energy, and its ability to ward off darkness.
4.1 The “Eye of Ra”
Bast was occasionally referred to as the “Eye of Ra,” representing the sun god’s fierce and protective aspect. The Eye of Ra was a powerful force, capable of destroying enemies and bringing justice. Bast, as the Eye, embodied this righteous fury, safeguarding Egypt and punishing those who threatened its stability.
4.2 Relationship to Sekhmet
The goddess Sekhmet, another powerful deity associated with the sun god Ra, was also known as his “eye.” Sekhmet was a fierce and wrathful goddess, often depicted as a lioness. Her association with the “Eye of Ra” paralleled Bast’s role, but Sekhmet’s energy was more destructive and vengeful. While Bast was primarily a protector, Sekhmet was seen as a force of retribution. Both goddesses represented the power of the sun god Ra, but each embodied different facets of his divine essence.
Bast and the City of Bubastis
Bubastis, located in the Nile Delta, was the main center of Bast’s worship. The city was famous for its opulent temple dedicated to the goddess, and its annual festival in her honor.
5.1 The Great Temple of Bast
The Great Temple of Bast in Bubastis was a magnificent structure, adorned with intricate carvings and statues of the goddess. It served as a focal point for worship, attracting pilgrims from across Egypt. The temple housed priests and priestesses dedicated to Bast’s service. They conducted rituals, offered sacrifices, and maintained the temple grounds.
5.2 The Annual Festival of Bast
The annual festival held in Bast’s honor was a grand celebration, lasting for several days. People from across Egypt would travel to Bubastis to participate in the festivities. The festival involved music, dancing, feasting, and religious processions. The highlight of the festival was a procession carrying Bast’s sacred barque, a boat-shaped shrine, through the streets of Bubastis. The festival was a time for joy, celebration, and the renewal of Bast’s power.
Bast in Egyptian Art and Literature
Bast’s presence is evident throughout Egyptian art and literature. She was often depicted in paintings, sculptures, and relief carvings.
6.1 Depictions of Bast
Bast’s most common depiction is as a woman with a cat’s head, often wearing a sun disk on her head, symbolizing her connection to Ra. She was also portrayed as a cat, sometimes holding a symbol of life, such as the ankh, or a symbol of protection, such as a serpent. Her images were found in tombs, temples, and homes, reflecting her importance in Egyptian society.
6.2 Myths and Legends Featuring Bast
Bast’s story is interwoven with many Egyptian myths and legends. One popular legend tells of Bast saving a child from a deadly snake. This tale highlighted her role as a protector, particularly of children. Another myth describes her role in the destruction of a group of rebellious spirits, highlighting her righteous fury and power. These stories illustrate the multifaceted nature of Bast, encompassing her protective, motherly, and vengeful aspects.
Bast in Modern Culture
Bast’s legacy continues to resonate in modern times, influencing popular culture and inspiring new interpretations of her role. Her association with cats and her protective power continue to be admired and celebrated.
7.1 The Lasting Legacy of the Cat Goddess
Bast’s enduring popularity is evident in the love of cats worldwide. She remains a symbol of protection, joy, and the beauty of felines. Her image continues to appear in art, literature, and popular media, showcasing her enduring appeal.
7.2 Bast in Literature, Film, and Art
Bast’s story has inspired countless works of art, literature, and film. She appears as a character in novels, movies, and video games, often portrayed as a powerful and benevolent goddess. Her presence in modern storytelling reflects her ongoing influence on the human imagination.
Bast’s presence in modern culture is a testament to her enduring appeal. She continues to be admired as a protector, a symbol of joy, and a reminder of the ancient wisdom and power of the Egyptian pantheon. Her legacy reminds us of the importance of cherishing cats, honoring their beauty and grace, and appreciating their presence in our lives.
